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Ancient Civilizations

Cultures, Historic Events, and Monumental Structures

Modern civilization owes an enormous debt to the influential empires and great cities of ancient times. The techniques, inventions, and concepts enabled the development of mankind, and formed the foundation for our current lifestyle in the modern world. From the legendary inheritance of ancient Greece to the magnificent pyramids of the Maya, remnants of their prominence still grace the earth, continuing to fascinate, enthuse and perplex. Thousands of years after the decline of these ancient civilizations, archaeologists, historians, and other researchers of the ancient past, spend their whole lifetime and career determined to unlock the secrets, in the chance to walk in the footsteps of our enlightened ancient ancestors.

Here is just a glimpse at some of our more prominent Ancient Civilizations!

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Ancient History

"Long before recorded history mankind had found lumps of metal and hammered it into useful shapes. However, at some unknown time in early Mesopotamia the ability to purify metal from ore, then smelt and form it using heat, unearthed a new world of tools. Rocks rich in copper, tin, and lead could now be more readily used and they came into demand.

Sometime around 6000 BCE copper smelting became common, which later lead to uncovering the secrets of bronze and iron smelting. Better tools, such as plows and scythes, as well as weapons and armour revolutionized society at every level and time."
Metal Working
"The Indus Valley Civilization has yielded evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC. This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen.

The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective. Cavities of 3.5 mm depth with concentric grooves indicate use of a drill tool. The age of the teeth has been estimated at 9000 years."
Dentistry
"The world's first recorded chemist is considered to be a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker who was mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the second millennium BC in Mesopotamia. She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics then filtered and put them back in the still several times.

Recently, archaeologists have uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years. The perfumes were discovered in an ancient perfumery. At least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels and perfume bottles were found in the 43,000-square-foot (4,000 m2) factory. Four of the perfumes have been re-created from residues found at the site."
Chemistry
"The seeder plow, invented by the Mesopotamian, was a major technological achievement. It revolutionized agriculture by carrying out the tasks of seeding and ploughing simultaneously. Seed was dropped down the middle funnel into the furrow that the plow created. The ancient Mesopotamian believed that the god Enlil created the seeder plow and that the image of the plow could also be seen in the stars. They discovered that by observing the movements of celestial bodies they could measure time, which was key for planting crops.

Their astronomical observations still aid today's scientists."
Farming Tools
El Cementerio - Mexico
skull discovered in 1999 - mexico

An ancient burial site in Mexico
has revealed skeletal remains
with 'odd-shaped skulls'.

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