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Ancient Civilizations

Cultures, Historic Events, and Monumental Structures

Modern civilization owes an enormous debt to the influential empires and great cities of ancient times. The techniques, inventions, and concepts enabled the development of mankind, and formed the foundation for our current lifestyle in the modern world. From the legendary inheritance of ancient Greece to the magnificent pyramids of the Maya, remnants of their prominence still grace the earth, continuing to fascinate, enthuse and perplex. Thousands of years after the decline of these ancient civilizations, archaeologists, historians, and other researchers of the ancient past, spend their whole lifetime and career determined to unlock the secrets, in the chance to walk in the footsteps of our enlightened ancient ancestors.

Here is just a glimpse at some of our more prominent Ancient Civilizations!

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Ancient History

"In Early Mesopotamia (around mid 4th millennium BC) Cuneiform script was invented. Cuneiform literally means "wedge-shaped", due to the triangular tip of the stylus used for impressing signs on wet clay. The earliest texts (7 archaic tablets) come from an ancient temple dedicated to the goddess Inanna at Uruk.

Cuneiform was extremely complicated, scribes had to train for years to be able to use the Cuneiform for the various languages of Sumerian, Akkadian and Aramaic. But having it allowed greater communication and record keeping for scientific, administration, literary, religion, and governmental uses."
Writing System
"The Indus Valley Civilization has yielded evidence of dentistry being practiced as far back as 7000 BC. This earliest form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, perhaps, by skilled bead craftsmen.

The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and effective. Cavities of 3.5 mm depth with concentric grooves indicate use of a drill tool. The age of the teeth has been estimated at 9000 years."
Dentistry
"The world's first recorded chemist is considered to be a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker who was mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the second millennium BC in Mesopotamia. She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics then filtered and put them back in the still several times.

Recently, archaeologists have uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years. The perfumes were discovered in an ancient perfumery. At least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels and perfume bottles were found in the 43,000-square-foot (4,000 m2) factory. Four of the perfumes have been re-created from residues found at the site."
Chemistry
"The wheel originated in ancient Sumer (modern Iraq) in the 5th millennium BC, originally in the function of potter's wheels. The wheel reached Europe and India (the Indus Valley civilization) in the 4th millennium BC. Near the northern side of the Caucasus several graves were found, in which since 3700 BC people had been buried on wagons or carts. The earliest depiction of what may be a wheeled vehicle is on the Bronocice pot, a circa 3500 BC clay pot excavated in southern Poland.

What is particularly interesting about the wheel is that wheels only occur in nature in the microscopic form, so man's use of the wheel could not have been in mimicry of nature."
The Wheel
El Cementerio - Mexico
skull discovered in 1999 - mexico

An ancient burial site in Mexico
has revealed skeletal remains
with 'odd-shaped skulls'.

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